A complete urinalysis involves a dipstick test for chemical properties, specific gravity measurement for concentration, and microscopic sediment examination for cells, crystals, and bacteria. Urine may be collected via free catch, catheterization, or cystocentesis (a needle through the abdominal wall into the bladder). Cystocentesis provides the cleanest sample for culture. Abnormal findings can indicate urinary tract infections, kidney disease, diabetes, bladder stones, or Cushing's disease. Urinalysis is often paired with bloodwork for a comprehensive health picture and is recommended as part of annual wellness screening, especially for senior pets.